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Strikes and Lockouts in Indian Labour Law: When Collective Action Is Legal, When It Is Not
The right to strike in India is not a fundamental right. It is a conditional statutory space regulated by the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 — and for government employees, it does not exist at all. This article maps the full framework: definitions, notice requirements, the...
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Who Is a 'Workman' Under Indian Labour Law? The Test, the Exclusions, and the Edge Cases
The definition of 'workman' under Section 2(s) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 determines who can access the Act's protective machinery. The core question is whether the relationship is one of contract of service or contract for service. Around that question, courts have built the...
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Industrial Dispute or Individual Dispute? Why the Distinction Defines Your Forum and Your Remedy
Section 2(k) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 defines an 'industrial dispute.' Whether a worker's grievance qualifies as one determines whether the Act's adjudication machinery, conciliation, and retrenchment protections apply. The answer changed significantly when Section 2A was inserted in 1965, changed again with the...
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What Is a Trade Union in Indian Law? Registration, Rights, and Immunities Under the Trade Unions Act, 1926.
The Trade Unions Act, 1926 defines, regulates, and protects trade unions in India. This article covers the statutory definition, the registration process and its consequences, the criminal and civil immunities that protect union action, and the outer limits of those protections.
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What Is an 'Industry' in Indian Labour Law? The Bangalore Water Supply Test and Its Limits
The definition of 'industry' under Section 2(j) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 is the gateway to the entire protective architecture of Indian labour law. This article examines the statutory text, the seven-judge Constitution Bench test in Bangalore Water Supply v. Rajappa, the still-pending nine-judge...
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Trade Unions in India: Definition, Registration, Recognition, and Immunity
The Trade Unions Act, 1926 created a legal framework for collective worker action that had previously existed in a legal vacuum. This article covers the definition of a trade union, the registration procedure, the difficult question of recognition, and the criminal and civil immunities that...
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10 April 2026
Criminal & FIR
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Your Cheque Has Bounced in India. Here Is What the Law Says.
A dishonoured cheque triggers a criminal prosecution under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 — one of the most litigated provisions in India. What the offence requires, the demand notice procedure, the 30-day clock, the jurisdiction question, presumptions, company liability, interim compensation, civil...
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7 April 2026
Criminal & FIR
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An FIR Has Been Filed Against You in India. You Are Abroad.
Learning that an FIR has been registered against you while you are abroad creates immediate legal exposure across three systems — criminal, civil, and immigration. The sequence in which you respond determines everything that follows.
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5 April 2026
Property & Succession
You Won in a Foreign Court. Can You Enforce That Judgment in India?
A judgment from a UAE, UK, USA, Australian, Canadian, or Singapore court does not automatically enforce in India. Whether you can use it in Indian courts — and how — depends on a statutory framework that treats each country differently.
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1 April 2026
Constitutional & Procedure
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Mediation in India After the Mediation Act 2023: What Changed, What Didn't, and What It Means for Your Dispute
India's first standalone mediation statute received Presidential assent on 14 September 2023. It creates a new enforcement framework for mediated settlement agreements, a Mediation Council of India, and statutory recognition of pre-litigation mediation. As of early 2026, the Council has zero appointments. This article explains...
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31 March 2026
Property & Succession
Your Power of Attorney Has Been Misused. Here Is What Indian Law Gives You.
NRIs grant powers of attorney to manage property in India. When those powers are exceeded, forged, or used to commit fraud, Indian law provides specific remedies — but the window to act is narrow and the consequences of delay are permanent.
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30 March 2026
Property & Succession
A Family Member Has Died in India. You Are Abroad. Here Is What Happens to Their Assets.
When someone dies in India leaving bank accounts, shares, property, and investments — and the legal heirs are abroad — the process of claiming those assets is specific, slow, and frequently misunderstood.
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29 March 2026
Criminal & FIR
An FIR Has Been Filed Against You in India. You Are Abroad. Read This First.
What happens when an FIR is registered against someone living outside India — the legal machinery that follows, what it cannot do, and what you must do first.
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What Is Labour Law For? Power, Work, and the Foundations of Indian Labour Law
Kahn Freund's countervailing force theory, the Marxist critique of welfare legislation, the history of Indian labour law from colonial control to the Labour Codes 2025, and why 90% of India's workforce remains outside the framework.
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22 March 2026
Arbitration & Enforcement
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The Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996: Structure, Key Provisions, and What Changed
A practitioner's reading of the statute — Part I and Part II, the 2015 and 2019 amendments, Section 34's public policy ground from Saw Pipes to Ssangyong, and the Gayatri Balasamy modification question.
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21 March 2026
Property & Succession
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When Your Property Gets Occupied While You Were Away
Adverse possession under Article 65 of the Limitation Act, Section 329 BNS 2023, and the remedies available to property owners — NRI or resident — whose land has been occupied while they were away.
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21 March 2026
Arbitration & Enforcement
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Arbitration in India: What It Is and Why It Matters
India has over 54 million pending cases. Arbitration is the alternative — a separate legal regime governed by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996, shaped by BALCO and two decades of Supreme Court judgments, and increasingly aligned with international practice.
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Property Disputes Faced by NRIs in India
Property Disputes Faced by NRIs in India
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